The Carolingian Empire, under the rule of Charlemagne, was the dominant power in Western Europe from the late 8th to the mid-9th century.

The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and lasted until the 15th century.

The Norman Empire was established by William the Conqueror after his victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

The Holy Roman Empire, ruled by the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a major power in Central and Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 13th century.

The Venetian Empire, with its extensive trade network and powerful navy, dominated the Mediterranean Sea during the 13th and 14th centuries.

The Kingdom of Castile, founded in the 10th century, became the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

The Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan, was the largest contiguous land empire in history, stretching from Eastern Europe to East Asia.

The Ottoman Empire, founded by Osman I, expanded rapidly during the 14th and 15th centuries, conquering much of the Balkans and Eastern Europe.

The Spanish Empire, under the Habsburg dynasty, became the dominant power in Western Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.

The Russian Empire, under the Romanov dynasty, expanded rapidly during the 18th century, becoming a major power in Central and Eastern Europe.

Napoleon Bonaparte established the French Empire in 1804, after his victory at the Battle of Austerlitz.

The British Empire, with its extensive colonial possessions and powerful navy, became the dominant power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

Otto von Bismarck established the German Empire in 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire, ruled by the Habsburg dynasty, was a major power in Central and Eastern Europe until its collapse in 1918.

Vladimir Lenin established the Soviet Union in 1922, after the Russian Revolution.