Ancient India, particularly during the time of the renowned physician Sushruta, made significant strides in surgical techniques and instruments.

Trepanation was primarily performed to alleviate severe headaches and other neurological conditions.

The Sushruta Samhita, attributed to the ancient Indian physician Sushruta, is a comprehensive treatise on surgery and medical practices.

Animal tendons, such as catgut, were commonly used for surgical sutures due to their strength and biocompatibility.

Amputation was practiced in ancient times to remove diseased or damaged limbs or body parts.

Opium and other plant-based substances were commonly used to induce a state of unconsciousness during ancient surgeries.

Hippocrates proposed the theory of the four humors, which influenced medical practices including surgery for centuries.

Cauterization was primarily used to stop bleeding during surgical procedures.

Cataract surgery was performed in ancient times to restore vision impaired by cataracts.

Bronze was widely used for surgical instruments due to its strength and durability.

Ancient Greece made significant advancements in surgical instruments and techniques.

Heat, such as by fire or boiling, was commonly used to sterilize surgical instruments.

Lithotomy was performed to remove kidney stones from the urinary tract.

Bloodletting was believed to balance the humors and treat various ailments.

Hippocrates is credited with developing the Hippocratic Oath, which sets ethical standards for medical practitioners.