Ferdinand de Saussure is considered the founder of structuralism. He developed the concept of the sign, which is the basic unit of meaning in language.

The central idea of structuralism is the importance of understanding the underlying structures of society and culture. Structuralists believe that these structures are the key to understanding how society and culture function.

In structuralism, structure refers to the underlying rules and patterns of society and culture, while agency refers to the ability of individuals to make choices and act independently. Structuralists believe that structure and agency are in a dialectical relationship, meaning that they are constantly interacting and shaping each other.

A structuralist approach to understanding society would focus on the underlying structures of society, such as social class, and how these structures shape individual behavior. This approach would not focus on the individual as an autonomous actor, but rather on the ways in which the individual is shaped by the structures of society.

A structuralist approach to understanding culture would focus on the underlying structures of culture, such as language, and how these structures shape thought and perception. This approach would not focus on the individual as an autonomous actor, but rather on the ways in which the individual is shaped by the structures of culture.

One criticism of structuralism is that it is too deterministic and does not allow for individual agency. Structuralists argue that the structures of society and culture are so powerful that they determine individual behavior. This leaves little room for individual choice or agency.

Sign is a key concept in structuralism. Saussure argued that signs are the basic units of meaning in language. He defined a sign as a combination of a signifier (a sound or image) and a signified (a concept or idea).

In structuralism, the signifier is the sound or image that represents the signified. The signified is the concept or idea that is represented by the signifier. The relationship between the signifier and signified is arbitrary, meaning that there is no natural connection between the two.

In structuralism, langue is the system of language, while parole is the actual use of language. Langue is the abstract, underlying structure of language, while parole is the concrete, specific way that language is used in everyday life.

In structuralism, binary oppositions are the basic units of thought. Binary oppositions are pairs of opposite terms, such as good and evil, light and dark, male and female. Structuralists argue that these binary oppositions are the way that we organize and make sense of the world.

All of the above are examples of binary oppositions in structuralism. Binary oppositions are pairs of opposite terms that are used to organize and make sense of the world.

Post-structuralism is a reaction against structuralism. Post-structuralists argue that structuralism is too deterministic and does not allow for individual agency. They also argue that structuralism is too focused on the study of language and neglects other aspects of culture.

All of the above are key figures in post-structuralism. Jacques Derrida is known for his work on deconstruction, Michel Foucault is known for his work on power and discourse, and Judith Butler is known for her work on gender and performativity.

Structuralism focuses on the underlying structures of society and culture, while functionalism focuses on the functions of these structures. Structuralists argue that the structures of society and culture are the key to understanding how society and culture function. Functionalists, on the other hand, argue that the functions of society and culture are the key to understanding how society and culture function.

A functionalist approach to understanding society would focus on the functions of social institutions, such as the family. Functionalists argue that the family serves a number of important functions in society, such as socializing children, providing economic support, and providing emotional support.