Ancient Egypt was renowned for its extensive use of papyrus scrolls, made from the stem of the papyrus plant, as a writing medium.

Paleography is the study of ancient writing systems and scripts, including their development, characteristics, and variations.

The Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in caves near the Dead Sea, contain the earliest known version of the Hebrew Bible, dating back to the 3rd century BCE.

The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, dating back to the 2nd century BCE, is the earliest known mathematical treatise in China, covering topics such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.

The Iliad, attributed to Homer, is considered one of the most significant works of ancient Greek literature, narrating the events of the Trojan War.

Codicology is the study of ancient books and manuscripts, focusing on their physical structure, materials, and production techniques, as well as their historical and cultural context.

The Nag Hammadi Library, discovered in Egypt in 1945, contains a collection of Gnostic texts and early Christian writings, shedding light on the diversity of religious thought in the early centuries of Christianity.

The Code of Hammurabi, dating back to the 18th century BCE, is one of the earliest known written laws, containing a comprehensive set of rules and regulations governing various aspects of Babylonian society.

The Codex Sinaiticus, dating back to the 4th century CE, is one of the earliest and most complete manuscripts of the New Testament, providing valuable insights into the textual history of the Christian scriptures.

Philology is the study of ancient texts and inscriptions, focusing on their interpretation, historical context, and the evolution of language and literature.

The Dunhuang Manuscripts, discovered in a cave in China in the early 20th century, contain a vast collection of texts dating back to the 4th century CE, covering a wide range of subjects, including medicine, philosophy, religion, and literature.

The Book of the Dead, also known as the Book of Going Forth by Day, is an ancient Egyptian funerary text containing spells, hymns, and prayers to guide the deceased through the afterlife.

The Sana'a Manuscript, discovered in Yemen in the 1970s, is considered one of the earliest known versions of the Quran, dating back to the 7th or 8th century CE.

Archaeology is the study of ancient artifacts and material remains, focusing on their historical and cultural significance, as well as the reconstruction of past societies and cultures.

The Ebla Tablets, discovered in Syria in the 1970s, contain a vast collection of texts dating back to the 3rd millennium BCE, providing insights into the political, economic, and cultural life of the ancient city of Ebla.