Arianism, proposed by Arius, argued that Christ was a created being, subordinate to God the Father, rather than being co-eternal and of the same substance.

Nestorianism, associated with Nestorius, held that Christ had two distinct persons, one human and one divine, rather than a single person with two natures.

The Great Schism, also known as the East-West Schism, occurred in 1054 and led to the separation of the Eastern Orthodox Church from the Roman Catholic Church.

Pelagianism, associated with Pelagius, denied the doctrine of original sin and emphasized the role of free will in achieving salvation, rather than relying solely on divine grace.

Monophysitism, associated with Eutyches, held that Christ had only one nature, the divine, rather than two distinct natures, human and divine.

The Investiture Controversy centered around the conflict between the Pope and secular rulers over the right to appoint bishops and other church officials.

The Monophysite Schism occurred in the 6th century due to disagreements over the nature of Christ's person, leading to the separation of Monophysite churches from the Eastern Orthodox Church.

The Albigensian Crusade was a military campaign launched by the Catholic Church against the Cathars, a Christian sect deemed heretical due to their beliefs and practices.

Pelagianism, associated with Pelagius, emphasized the role of free will and personal effort in achieving salvation, downplaying the need for divine grace.

The Avignon Papacy refers to the period when the Pope resided in Avignon, France, rather than Rome, raising questions about papal authority and the relationship between the Pope and secular rulers.

The Nestorian Schism occurred in the 5th century due to disagreements over the nature of Christ's person, leading to the separation of the Nestorian Church from the Eastern Orthodox Church.

The Waldensian heresy, associated with Peter Waldo, emphasized poverty and the rejection of material wealth, challenging the traditional practices and teachings of the Catholic Church.

The controversy over Transubstantiation focused on the belief that the bread and wine used in the Eucharist are transformed into the actual body and blood of Christ during the consecration.

The Lollard movement, associated with John Wycliffe, criticized the authority of the clergy, the wealth of the Church, and advocated for the translation of the Bible into English, challenging the established practices of the Catholic Church.

The Monophysite Schism, which occurred in the 6th century, led to the separation of the Coptic Orthodox Church from the Eastern Orthodox Church due to disagreements over the nature of Christ's person.