Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD, marking a significant event in medieval European history.

King John of England signed the Magna Carta in 1215, responding to the demands of his barons for greater rights and protections, which became a cornerstone of constitutional law.

Genghis Khan, also known as Temüjin, founded the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, leading his armies to conquer vast territories and establishing one of the largest empires in history.

Constantine I, also known as Constantine the Great, issued the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, legalizing Christianity and ending the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.

Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, divided the Carolingian Empire among his three sons in 843, resulting in the Treaty of Verdun and the formation of separate kingdoms.

Pope Gregory VII, also known as Hildebrand, initiated the Gregorian Reforms in the 11th century, asserting papal supremacy and promoting ecclesiastical reforms.

William I, also known as William the Conqueror, led the Norman invasion of England in 1066, establishing Norman rule and introducing feudalism.

Justinian I, Byzantine emperor in the 6th century, commissioned the compilation of Roman law into the Corpus Juris Civilis, which had a lasting impact on legal systems worldwide.

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor in the 14th century, issued the Golden Bull of 1356, establishing rules for the election of the emperor and defining the powers of the electors.

Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, led the Seventh and Eighth Crusades and implemented reforms to consolidate royal power and establish a centralized monarchy in France.

Edward III, King of England, signed the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, temporarily ending the Hundred Years' War and gaining control over extensive territories in France.

Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, supported the Carolingian Renaissance, encouraging cultural and intellectual pursuits, including the establishment of schools and libraries.

Justinian I, Byzantine emperor in the 6th century, commissioned the compilation of Roman law into the Justinian Code, which had a significant influence on legal systems in the Eastern Roman Empire.

King John of England signed the Magna Carta in 1215, responding to the demands of his barons for greater rights and protections, which became a cornerstone of constitutional law.

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor in the 16th century, issued the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, recognizing the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, which allowed each prince to determine the religion of his territory.