Particulate matter, especially fine particles (PM2.5), has been associated with cognitive decline, increased risk of dementia, and structural changes in the brain.

Air pollution can exert its effects on cognitive function through multiple mechanisms, including oxidative stress and inflammation, neurotoxicity and cell death, and impaired blood-brain barrier function.

The hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory and learning, is particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution.

Air pollution-related cognitive impairment (APRCI) is the term used to describe the cognitive decline associated with exposure to air pollution.

Children and adolescents, older adults, and people with pre-existing respiratory conditions are more susceptible to the cognitive effects of air pollution.

Particulate matter, particularly fine particles (PM2.5), has been linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and power plants are all major sources of particulate matter (PM) air pollution.

Green spaces and urban vegetation, traffic restrictions and car-free zones, and air filters and purifiers have all been shown to improve air quality and reduce cognitive impairment.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an annual average concentration of 10 μg/m³ for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to protect public health.

Air pollution exposure has been associated with impairments in memory, attention, processing speed, and other cognitive functions.

Translocation is the term used to describe the process by which air pollution particles can enter the brain through the olfactory bulb or via the bloodstream.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has been associated with an increased risk of stroke, particularly in urban areas with high traffic-related air pollution.

Age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) is the term used to describe the cognitive decline associated with normal aging.

Smoking cigarettes is not a strategy for reducing air pollution exposure and protecting cognitive function. In fact, smoking is a major source of air pollution and can contribute to cognitive decline.

Environmental cognitive impairment (ECI) is the term used to describe the cognitive decline associated with exposure to multiple environmental factors, including air pollution.