Atheism is not a traditional response to the problem of evil because it denies the existence of God altogether, rather than attempting to explain why evil exists in a world created by a benevolent and omnipotent God.

The free will defense argues that God created humans with the ability to choose between good and evil, and that this freedom of choice is necessary for moral responsibility. Without free will, humans would be mere automatons, incapable of making genuine moral choices.

Alvin Plantinga is a contemporary philosopher who has developed a sophisticated version of the free will defense, known as the 'free will theodicy'. Plantinga argues that even in a world where God is all-powerful and all-loving, it is possible for evil to exist due to the freedom of human choice.

The soul-making defense argues that God is creating souls through the process of suffering. Suffering is a necessary part of the process of moral development, and it is through suffering that souls are purified and perfected.

John Hick is a contemporary philosopher who has developed a sophisticated version of the soul-making defense, known as the 'soul-making theodicy'. Hick argues that God is creating souls through the process of suffering, and that this process is ultimately redemptive.

The hiddenness defense argues that God is hidden from humans, and that this hiddenness is necessary for human freedom and moral responsibility. If God were constantly revealing Himself to humans, then humans would not be able to make genuine moral choices.

Søren Kierkegaard is a 19th-century Danish philosopher who is often associated with the hiddenness defense. Kierkegaard argued that God is hidden from humans because He wants humans to have the freedom to choose between good and evil.

Atheism is not a traditional response to the problem of evil because it denies the existence of God altogether, rather than attempting to explain why evil exists in a world created by a benevolent and omnipotent God.

The free will defense argues that God created humans with the ability to choose between good and evil, and that this freedom of choice is necessary for moral responsibility. Without free will, humans would be mere automatons, incapable of making genuine moral choices.

Alvin Plantinga is a contemporary philosopher who has developed a sophisticated version of the free will defense, known as the 'free will theodicy'. Plantinga argues that even in a world where God is all-powerful and all-loving, it is possible for evil to exist due to the freedom of human choice.

The soul-making defense argues that God is creating souls through the process of suffering. Suffering is a necessary part of the process of moral development, and it is through suffering that souls are purified and perfected.

John Hick is a contemporary philosopher who has developed a sophisticated version of the soul-making defense, known as the 'soul-making theodicy'. Hick argues that God is creating souls through the process of suffering, and that this process is ultimately redemptive.

The hiddenness defense argues that God is hidden from humans, and that this hiddenness is necessary for human freedom and moral responsibility. If God were constantly revealing Himself to humans, then humans would not be able to make genuine moral choices.

Søren Kierkegaard is a 19th-century Danish philosopher who is often associated with the hiddenness defense. Kierkegaard argued that God is hidden from humans because He wants humans to have the freedom to choose between good and evil.