Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research; or misrepresentation of research results; or failure to follow ethical guidelines in research.

The different types of research misconduct are fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.

Fabrication is making up data or results.

Falsification is changing or omitting data or results.

Plagiarism is copying someone else's work without giving them credit.

The consequences of research misconduct can include loss of funding, retraction of publications, and damage to reputation.

Research misconduct can be prevented through education and training, strong institutional policies, and peer review.

If you suspect research misconduct, you should report it to your supervisor, the research integrity office, and the funding agency.

Research institutions play a critical role in preventing research misconduct by developing and implementing strong policies and procedures, providing education and training to researchers, and promoting a culture of integrity and accountability.

Funding agencies play a critical role in preventing research misconduct by requiring institutions to have strong policies and procedures in place, providing funding for research integrity programs, and investigating allegations of research misconduct.

Researchers play a critical role in preventing research misconduct by following ethical guidelines in their research, reporting any suspected research misconduct, and promoting a culture of integrity and accountability in their research environment.

The public plays a critical role in preventing research misconduct by being aware of the issue, reporting any suspected research misconduct, and supporting policies and programs that promote research integrity.

There are a number of challenges in preventing research misconduct, including the pressure to publish, the lack of awareness of research misconduct, and the difficulty in detecting research misconduct.

There are a number of trends in research misconduct, including an increase in the number of reported cases, a shift from fabrication and falsification to plagiarism, and an increase in the number of cases involving international collaboration.

There are a number of emerging issues in research misconduct, including the use of artificial intelligence to fabricate or falsify data, the use of social media to spread misinformation about research, and the increasing pressure on researchers to publish.