The Code of Hammurabi, dating back to the 18th century BCE, is the oldest known legal code, originating from ancient Mesopotamia.

The Rosetta Stone was crucial in deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, as it contained the same text in three different scripts: hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek.

The Book of the Dead, an ancient Egyptian funerary text, provides detailed instructions and spells to guide the deceased through the afterlife.

The Analects of Confucius primarily consists of ethical and moral teachings, emphasizing the importance of personal conduct, social harmony, and good governance.

The Dialogues of Plato, particularly those featuring Socrates, are widely regarded as the foundation of Western philosophy, exploring concepts such as justice, virtue, and the nature of reality.

The Magna Carta, signed in 1215, was a landmark document that limited the power of the English monarchy and established the principle that the king was subject to the law.

The Arthashastra, attributed to Kautilya, is an ancient Indian treatise that provides insights into statecraft, economic policy, and social organization.

The Odyssey primarily focuses on the travels and adventures of Odysseus as he attempts to return home to Ithaca after the Trojan War.

The Epic of Gilgamesh, dating back to ancient Mesopotamia, is one of the oldest known works of literature, narrating the adventures of the legendary king Gilgamesh.

The Tao Te Ching, attributed to Laozi, primarily focuses on describing the nature of reality, the universe, and the way to achieve harmony with the Tao (the Way).

The Book of the Dead, also known as the Book of the Coming Forth by Day, contains a collection of spells, hymns, and prayers related to ancient Egyptian religious beliefs and practices.

The Justinian Code, compiled under the reign of Emperor Justinian I, standardized and codified Roman law, becoming a foundational document in the development of Western legal systems.

The Manusmriti, also known as the Laws of Manu, is an ancient Indian legal text that provides insights into the caste system and social structure of ancient India.

The Iliad primarily focuses on the Trojan War and the siege of Troy, narrating the events leading up to the fall of the city.

The Twelve Tables, dating back to ancient Rome, is considered one of the earliest examples of a written constitution, establishing fundamental legal principles and rights.