Land-based litter, including plastic bags, bottles, and straws, is the primary source of plastic pollution in the oceans.

Nutrient pollution, caused by excessive discharge of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, leads to algal blooms and eutrophication in coastal waters.

Tanker accidents, often caused by human error or mechanical failure, are the primary source of oil spills in the ocean.

Mercury, a heavy metal, accumulates in the food chain and can cause neurological damage and developmental issues in humans and wildlife.

Plastic gyre refers to the accumulation of plastic debris in specific ocean regions, forming large rotating currents of plastic waste.

MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) is an international agreement that aims to prevent pollution of the marine environment by ships.

Microplastic ingestion refers to the process by which marine organisms consume microplastics, often mistaking them for food particles.

Ocean acidification, caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leads to a decrease in ocean pH, which can cause coral bleaching and disrupt coral reef ecosystems.

Plastic entanglement refers to the process by which marine organisms become trapped or entangled in plastic debris, leading to injury or death.

DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a persistent organic pollutant known for its ability to disrupt endocrine systems in marine organisms, affecting reproduction and development.

Plastic fragmentation refers to the process by which plastic debris breaks down into smaller pieces, eventually forming microplastics, due to exposure to sunlight, waves, and other environmental factors.

Air pollution, including emissions from ships and coastal industries, can contribute to marine pollution and cause respiratory problems and cardiovascular diseases in humans and marine life.

Bioaccumulation refers to the process by which marine organisms accumulate heavy metals in their tissues, often through the food chain, leading to increased concentrations in higher trophic levels.

Endocrine disruptors, including certain chemicals and pollutants, can interfere with the endocrine system of marine organisms, leading to reproductive problems and developmental disorders.

Plastic ingestion refers to the process by which marine organisms consume plastic debris, often mistaking it for food particles.