The idea that knowledge is closed under logical implication.

The idea that knowledge is closed under deductive argument.

The idea that knowledge is closed under inductive argument.

The idea that knowledge is closed under empirical evidence.

The problem of justifying inductive arguments.

The problem of justifying deductive arguments.

The problem of justifying empirical evidence.

The problem of justifying logical implications.

Because inductive arguments are always invalid.

Because inductive arguments are always unsound.

Because inductive arguments cannot be justified by deductive arguments.

Because inductive arguments cannot be justified by empirical evidence.

The use of deductive arguments.

The use of empirical evidence.

The use of a priori knowledge.

The use of transcendental arguments.

Epistemic closure is a problem, while the problem of induction is a solution.

Epistemic closure is a solution, while the problem of induction is a problem.

Epistemic closure and the problem of induction are the same thing.

Epistemic closure and the problem of induction are unrelated.

If you know that all crows are black, then you know that no crows are white.

If you know that all dogs are mammals, then you know that all mammals are dogs.

If you know that all apples are red, then you know that all fruits are red.

If you know that all roses are red, then you know that all flowers are red.

If you have seen a thousand black crows, you can conclude that all crows are black.

If you have seen a thousand red apples, you can conclude that all apples are red.

If you have seen a thousand white swans, you can conclude that all swans are white.

If you have seen a thousand green leaves, you can conclude that all leaves are green.

The use of deductive arguments.

The use of empirical evidence.

The use of a priori knowledge.

The use of transcendental arguments.

Epistemic closure is a problem, while skepticism is a solution.

Epistemic closure is a solution, while skepticism is a problem.

Epistemic closure and skepticism are the same thing.

Epistemic closure and skepticism are unrelated.

The idea that we cannot know anything for certain.

The idea that we can only know things that are self-evident.

The idea that we can only know things that are supported by empirical evidence.

The idea that we can only know things that are supported by deductive arguments.

The use of deductive arguments.

The use of empirical evidence.

The use of a priori knowledge.

The use of transcendental arguments.

Epistemic closure is a problem, while foundationalism is a solution.

Epistemic closure is a solution, while foundationalism is a problem.

Epistemic closure and foundationalism are the same thing.

Epistemic closure and foundationalism are unrelated.

The idea that we can know some things for certain without relying on empirical evidence or deductive arguments.

The idea that all of our knowledge is based on sense experience.

The idea that all of our knowledge is based on deductive arguments.

The idea that all of our knowledge is based on a priori knowledge.

The use of deductive arguments.

The use of empirical evidence.

The use of a priori knowledge.

The use of transcendental arguments.

Epistemic closure is a problem, while coherentism is a solution.

Epistemic closure is a solution, while coherentism is a problem.

Epistemic closure and coherentism are the same thing.

Epistemic closure and coherentism are unrelated.

The idea that knowledge is justified by its coherence with other beliefs.

The idea that knowledge is justified by its correspondence with reality.

The idea that knowledge is justified by its pragmatic consequences.

The idea that knowledge is justified by its a priori nature.

The use of deductive arguments.

The use of empirical evidence.

The use of a priori knowledge.

The use of transcendental arguments.