Athens possessed a formidable navy that played a crucial role in securing its maritime supremacy and trade routes.

The Battle of Marathon marked a significant victory for the Greeks against the invading Persian army.

The phalanx was a tightly packed formation of hoplites, armed with spears and shields, that provided formidable defensive and offensive capabilities.

Leonidas I led the heroic defense of Thermopylae against the Persian army during the Peloponnesian War.

Sparta was renowned for its rigorous military training and discipline, producing formidable hoplite armies.

Leonidas I and his 300 Spartans made a valiant last stand against the Persian army at the Battle of Thermopylae.

Epaminondas, the Theban general, is known for his innovative military tactics, including the use of the oblique order of battle.

The Battle of Chaeronea resulted in the defeat of Thebes and its allies by Philip II of Macedon, consolidating his power over Greece.

Syracuse, under the leadership of Archimedes, employed innovative siege defenses against Roman forces.

The Battle of Salamis, led by Themistocles, was a pivotal naval victory for Athens against the Persian fleet.

Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, is renowned for his rapid military conquests and the vast empire he established.

The Battle of Plataea was a decisive land battle between the Greek alliance and the Persian army.

Thessaly was renowned for its skilled cavalry and horsemanship.

The Battle of Leuctra resulted in a decisive Theban victory over Sparta, shifting the balance of power in Greece.

Iphicrates introduced significant reforms and improvements to the Athenian military.