Jeremy Bentham, an 18th-century English philosopher, is considered the father of animal rights. He argued that animals are capable of suffering and that their interests should be taken into account when making moral decisions.

The animal rights movement argues that animals are sentient beings capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and joy. Therefore, they deserve to be treated with respect and consideration.

Utilitarianism, a consequentialist ethical theory, focuses on maximizing overall happiness and minimizing suffering. It argues that the right action is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of sentient beings.

Intrinsic value refers to the idea that something has value in and of itself, regardless of its usefulness or desirability to others. In the context of animal justice, intrinsic value means that animals have value simply because they exist and are sentient beings.

Legal personhood is a legal principle that grants certain rights and responsibilities to non-human entities, such as corporations and animals. It recognizes that animals are not mere property and should be treated with respect and consideration.

Animal agriculture refers to the practice of raising and slaughtering animals for food, clothing, and other human purposes. It is a major source of animal suffering and environmental degradation.

The European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes is an international treaty that aims to protect animals used in scientific research and testing. It sets standards for the humane treatment of animals and requires researchers to use alternatives to animal testing whenever possible.

Animal entertainment refers to the practice of keeping animals in captivity for entertainment purposes, such as in circuses, zoos, and aquariums. It is a major source of animal suffering and can lead to psychological and physical problems for the animals involved.

Thomas Aquinas, a 13th-century Italian philosopher, argued that animals are rational beings and should be treated as moral agents. He believed that animals have a soul and that they are capable of experiencing emotions and pain.

Animal labor refers to the practice of using animals for labor and transportation. It is a major source of animal suffering and can lead to injuries, exhaustion, and premature death.

The Animal Welfare Act is a federal law in the United States that aims to protect animals from unnecessary pain and suffering. It sets standards for the humane treatment of animals in research, transportation, and exhibition.

Animal hunting refers to the practice of pursuing and killing animals for sport. It is a major source of animal suffering and can lead to the extinction of endangered species.

René Descartes, a 17th-century French philosopher, argued that animals are machines and have no moral status. He believed that animals are incapable of feeling pain or suffering and that they are therefore not deserving of moral consideration.

Animal testing refers to the practice of using animals for medical research. It is a major source of animal suffering and can lead to pain, injury, and death.

The Endangered Species Act is a federal law in the United States that aims to protect endangered and threatened species. It sets standards for the conservation of these species and their habitats.