Marx argued that the conflict between social classes, particularly the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, is the primary engine of historical change.

Marx's theory of historical materialism emphasizes the role of economic factors, particularly the means of production, in shaping social, political, and cultural institutions.

Marx argued that under capitalism, workers are alienated from their labor, the products of their labor, and from their fellow workers.

Surplus value is the concept that workers produce more value than they are paid for, which is then appropriated by the capitalist class.

Marx argued that under capitalism, commodities take on a fetishistic character, appearing to have inherent value and power beyond their material properties.

Marx believed that the working class, or proletariat, would eventually rise up and overthrow the capitalist system, leading to the establishment of a socialist society.

Marx envisioned socialism as a transitional stage between capitalism and communism, characterized by the collective ownership of the means of production and the absence of class divisions.

Marx believed that communism would be the final stage of human history, characterized by the absence of private property, social classes, and the state.

Marx argued that under capitalism, the working class would experience increasing impoverishment and exploitation, leading to a decline in their living standards.

Marx believed that the working class would eventually develop a class consciousness, recognizing its own distinct interests and the need for collective action.

Marx argued that the working class would engage in class struggle, organizing itself into political parties and trade unions to fight for its interests and ultimately overthrow the capitalist system.

Marx believed that the working class would eventually seize political power through a proletarian revolution, leading to the establishment of a socialist society.

Marx envisioned a gradual transition from socialism to communism, characterized by the withering away of the state, the abolition of private property, and the creation of a classless, moneyless society.

Marx believed that the working class would eventually develop a revolutionary consciousness, recognizing the need for a fundamental transformation of society and the overthrow of the capitalist system.

Marx believed that after the successful overthrow of the capitalist system, the working class would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat, a transitional state characterized by the suppression of the bourgeoisie and the construction of a socialist society.