Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) are formed during embryonic development.

Cleavage is the process by which a zygote divides into multiple cells, forming a blastocyst.

The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays a critical role in the development of the nervous system, including the formation of neural tube and patterning of the brain.

Differentiation is the process by which stem cells give rise to specialized cells with specific functions.

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type in the body.

Genetic engineering is the technology that involves the transfer of genetic material into an organism to alter its genetic makeup.

Transformation is the technique used to insert a foreign gene into a host organism.

Biotechnology is the technology that involves the use of living organisms to produce useful products.

Industrial biotechnology involves the use of microorganisms to produce useful substances, such as enzymes, antibiotics, and biofuels.

Stem cell therapy involves the use of stem cells to treat diseases by replacing damaged or diseased cells.

Agricultural biotechnology involves the use of plants to produce useful products, such as genetically modified crops and biofuels.

Bioremediation involves the use of microorganisms to clean up environmental pollution, such as oil spills and toxic waste.

Animal biotechnology involves the use of animals to produce useful products, such as pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and transgenic animals.

Phytoremediation involves the use of plants to clean up environmental pollution, such as heavy metals and organic contaminants.

Fungal biotechnology involves the use of fungi to produce useful products, such as enzymes, antibiotics, and biofuels.