The angle between the incident ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence is called the angle of incidence.

According to Snell's law, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the refractive index of the medium.

Using the mirror equation, 1/f = 1/p + 1/q, where f is the focal length, p is the object distance, and q is the image distance, we can solve for q: q = -10 cm.

The magnification of the image formed by a convex lens is given by M = -v/u, where v is the image distance and u is the object distance. Substituting the values, we get M = -2.

A prism in a spectrometer is used to disperse light into its constituent colors, allowing for the analysis of the spectrum of light.

Convex mirrors are used as rearview mirrors in vehicles because they provide a wider field of view, allowing drivers to see more of the traffic behind them.

The critical angle for total internal reflection is the angle of incidence at which the refracted ray is completely reflected back into the same medium.

Concave lenses are used to correct nearsightedness (myopia) by diverging light rays before they reach the retina, allowing the image to focus properly on the retina.

The magnification of a magnifying glass is equal to the ratio of the image height to the object height.

A refractometer is an optical instrument used to measure the angle of deviation of light passing through a prism, allowing for the determination of the refractive index of a substance.

A plane mirror has an infinite focal length because it does not converge or diverge light rays.

Convex lenses are used in cameras to focus light rays onto the film or sensor, creating a sharp image.

The diaphragm in a camera is used to control the amount of light entering the lens, allowing for the adjustment of the exposure of the image.

Telescopes are optical instruments used to view distant objects by magnifying the light collected from them.

Fiber optic cables work on the principle of total internal reflection, where light signals are transmitted through a series of thin, flexible fibers by multiple internal reflections.