A nation-state is a political entity that claims sovereignty over a specific territory and whose citizens share a common identity based on factors such as language, ethnicity, history, and culture.

Nationalism as a political ideology emerged in France during the late 18th century, particularly during the French Revolution.

The Risorgimento was a political and cultural movement that aimed to unify the Italian peninsula into a single nation-state.

Johann Gottfried Herder is considered one of the key figures in the development of nationalist thought, particularly his emphasis on the importance of language and culture in shaping national identity.

The Zollverein was a customs union that played a significant role in the economic and political unification of Germany.

France was the first European country to achieve national unification, with the establishment of the First French Republic in 1792.

The Balkan League was a political and military alliance formed by Balkan states in 1912 with the aim of liberating the region from Ottoman rule.

Japan was the first Asian country to achieve national unification, with the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

The Indian National Congress was a political party that played a leading role in the Indian independence movement.

Ethiopia was the first African country to achieve national unification, with the establishment of the Ethiopian Empire in the 13th century.

Bolivarianism is a political ideology that seeks to unify Latin America into a single nation-state, inspired by the ideas of Simón Bolívar.

Serbia was the last European country to achieve national unification, with the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1918.

Pan-Arabism is a political ideology that seeks to unify the Arab world into a single nation-state.

Korea was the last Asian country to achieve national unification, with the reunification of North and South Korea in 1991.

Pan-Africanism is a political ideology that seeks to unify Africa into a single nation-state.