Ontogenesis refers to the process of development of an individual organism from a fertilized egg to its adult form.

The nucleus of a cell contains the genetic material, including DNA, which determines the characteristics of the organism.

Inheritance is the process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring, determining the characteristics of the offspring.

A gene is the basic unit of heredity, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides that determines a particular trait or characteristic.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which states that organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring.

Vestigial structures are remnants of structures that were once functional in an organism's ancestors but have lost their original function over time. Examples include the appendix, wisdom teeth, and tailbone.

Adaptation refers to the process by which organisms become better suited to their environment over generations, increasing their chances of survival and reproduction.

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated organisms evolve similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures. An example is bats and birds having wings for flight.

Speciation is the process by which new species are formed, resulting in the divergence of populations into distinct groups that are reproductively isolated from each other.

Homologous structures are structures that share a common evolutionary origin but may have different functions. An example is the human arm and bird wing, both of which are derived from the forelimbs of a common ancestor.

Evolution is the process by which organisms change over time, resulting in the emergence of new species and the diversification of life on Earth.

A shared derived character is a trait that is present in a group of organisms and their common ancestor but not in more distant relatives. Feathers in birds are an example of a shared derived character.

Adaptation refers to the process by which organisms become better suited to their environment over generations, increasing their chances of survival and reproduction.

Vestigial structures are remnants of structures that were once functional in an organism's ancestors but have lost their original function over time. Examples include the appendix, wisdom teeth, and tailbone.

Adaptation refers to the process by which organisms become better suited to their environment over generations, increasing their chances of survival and reproduction.