The primary objective of a siege in medieval warfare was to capture a castle or fortified city, as these were key strategic points that controlled territory and resources.

The trebuchet was a powerful siege engine that used a counterweight to launch large projectiles, such as rocks or boulders, at enemy fortifications.

Moats were filled with water or mud to create a barrier that would prevent enemy soldiers from scaling the castle walls.

Drawbridges were used to protect the entrance to a castle or city by allowing it to be raised or lowered as needed.

Battering rams were used to break down enemy fortifications by repeatedly ramming them with a heavy log or beam.

Mining involved digging tunnels under enemy fortifications to undermine them and cause them to collapse.

Sally ports were small, heavily fortified gates that allowed defenders to make surprise attacks on the enemy or conduct sorties.

Greek fire was a highly flammable liquid that was used to launch incendiary projectiles at enemy fortifications.

Motte-and-bailey castles were simple fortifications consisting of a raised mound (motte) surrounded by a courtyard (bailey), and were primarily used to provide a defensible position for the lord and his household.

Siege towers were tall, wooden structures that were used to overlook enemy fortifications and provide a platform for archers and other troops to attack the defenders.

Portcullises were heavy, iron-clad gates that were lowered to protect the entrance to a castle or city.

Arrow storms involved using a large number of archers to fire arrows at enemy fortifications in a concentrated and sustained manner.

Mantlets were large, movable shields that were used to protect the attackers from enemy fire during siege operations.

Battering ram assaults involved using a battering ram to repeatedly ram enemy fortifications until they were breached.