Rationalism, a philosophical school of thought, holds that reason is the primary source of knowledge and that the world can be understood through logical reasoning and innate ideas, rather than relying solely on sensory experience.

René Descartes, a French philosopher, is widely regarded as the father of modern rationalism. He famously asserted, 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am'), emphasizing the primacy of reason and the existence of the self as a thinking entity.

The Cartesian method of doubt involves systematically questioning all beliefs and assumptions until reaching indubitable truths that cannot be doubted. This process aims to establish a solid foundation for knowledge based on reason and logical reasoning.

Rationalists believe that reason and innate ideas are the primary sources of knowledge. They argue that certain fundamental truths are known through reason alone, independent of sensory experience.

René Descartes presented the ontological argument for the existence of God, which posits that the idea of a perfect being (God) implies its existence. He reasoned that the concept of a perfect being must include existence, as existence is a perfection.

A common criticism of rationalism is that it overlooks the significance of sensory experience in acquiring knowledge. Critics argue that relying solely on reason and innate ideas can lead to a distorted understanding of the world, as it neglects the valuable information provided by our senses.

Empiricism arose as a response to the perceived limitations of rationalism. Empiricists argue that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience and that reason alone cannot provide us with reliable knowledge about the world.

John Locke is widely regarded as one of the most influential empiricist philosophers. He argued that all knowledge comes from experience and that the mind is initially a blank slate (tabula rasa) that is filled with ideas through sensory perception.

Empiricists believe that sensory experience is the primary source of knowledge. They argue that all knowledge is derived from what we perceive through our senses and that reason alone cannot provide us with reliable information about the world.

David Hume, a Scottish philosopher, argued that all knowledge is derived from impressions (direct sensory experiences) and ideas (mental representations of impressions). He believed that reason alone cannot provide us with knowledge about the world beyond our sensory experience.

A common criticism of empiricism is that it overlooks the role of innate ideas and rational principles in acquiring knowledge. Critics argue that relying solely on sensory experience can lead to a fragmented and incomplete understanding of the world, as it neglects the contributions of reason and logical reasoning.

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, sought to synthesize the insights of rationalism and empiricism in his philosophy. He argued that knowledge is derived from both sensory experience and the innate structures of the mind, emphasizing the importance of both reason and experience in understanding the world.

Kant argued that knowledge is derived from two main sources: sensory experience and innate categories of the mind. He believed that sensory experience provides us with the raw data of knowledge, while the innate categories of the mind, such as space, time, and causality, structure and organize this data into meaningful experience.

A common criticism of Kant's philosophy is that it is too abstract and脱离现实. Critics argue that Kant's emphasis on the innate structures of the mind and the categories of thought leads to a detached and overly intellectualized understanding of the world, neglecting the importance of concrete experience and practical engagement with reality.

Analytic philosophy, a contemporary philosophical movement, places a strong emphasis on the primacy of reason over experience. Analytic philosophers focus on the analysis of language, concepts, and arguments, seeking to clarify and elucidate the meaning of statements and propositions. They often employ logical and formal methods to examine philosophical problems.