Climate change typically leads to increased air pollution due to factors such as increased energy consumption and changes in weather patterns.

Urban adaptation focuses on developing strategies to cope with and adjust to the unavoidable impacts of climate change.

Green roofs are a physical adaptation measure that involves installing vegetation on rooftops to mitigate the urban heat island effect and improve stormwater management.

The urban heat island effect refers to the higher temperatures observed in urban areas due to factors such as increased building density, reduced vegetation, and waste heat from human activities.

Increased flooding typically leads to decreased water quality due to contamination from sewage overflows and runoff from impervious surfaces.

Climate-responsive urban planning involves considering climate change impacts and risks in the design and implementation of urban policies, plans, and projects.

Public awareness campaigns are a non-structural adaptation measure that aims to educate and inform urban residents about climate change risks and encourage them to take appropriate actions.

Urban resilience refers to the capacity of a city to absorb, adapt to, and recover from the effects of climate change and other stressors.

While economic development and job creation are important aspects of urban planning, they are not specifically related to adaptation to climate change.

Urban mitigation refers to actions taken in urban areas to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation efforts.

Green roofs and vertical gardens are examples of nature-based solutions that can help mitigate the urban heat island effect, improve air quality, and reduce stormwater runoff.

Risk assessment and vulnerability analysis involves identifying and evaluating the potential impacts of climate change on urban areas and their capacity to cope with these impacts.

Synergies between adaptation and mitigation measures are often seen as a positive aspect of urban climate action, as they allow for the implementation of measures that address both climate change adaptation and mitigation goals.

Urban adaptation planning involves the development and implementation of strategies to reduce the vulnerability of urban areas to climate change impacts and enhance their adaptive capacity.

Urban adaptation measures are typically designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or have a neutral impact on emissions, rather than increasing them.