The War of the Roses was a series of civil wars in England between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, both branches of the Plantagenet dynasty.

Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day 800 AD.

Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, led the Seventh and Eighth Crusades.

Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and founded the Mongol Empire in 1206.

The Tang Dynasty ruled China from 618 to 907 AD.

Afonso I was the first king of Portugal, reigning from 1139 to 1185.

Ivan the Terrible was a member of the Rurik Dynasty, which ruled Russia from the 9th century to the 16th century.

Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last Byzantine emperor, reigning from 1449 to 1453.

The Heian period in Japan lasted from 794 to 1185 and was dominated by the Heian Dynasty.

Stephen I was the first king of Hungary, reigning from 1000 to 1038.

The Gupta Empire ruled India from the 4th to the 6th century AD.

Osman I founded the Ottoman Empire in 1299.

Louis XIV was a member of the Bourbon Dynasty, which ruled France from 1589 to 1792.

Kenneth I was the first king of Scotland, reigning from 843 to 858.

Ferdinand and Isabella were members of the Trastámara Dynasty, which ruled Spain from 1369 to 1516.