Studies have shown that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.

Air pollution can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, neurotoxicity, and impair the blood-brain barrier, leading to neuronal damage and the development of neurological disorders.

The hippocampus, a brain region crucial for memory and learning, is highly susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution due to its high metabolic activity and rich blood supply.

Neurotoxicity refers to the direct toxic effects of air pollutants on neurons, leading to neuronal damage and dysfunction.

Exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) has been linked to an increased risk of stroke, particularly in individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions.

Neuroinflammation refers to the inflammatory response in the brain triggered by air pollutants, leading to the activation of inflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory mediators.

Exposure to certain pesticides, such as paraquat and rotenone, has been linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease.

Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of neurons and their connections, which can be caused by air pollution-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation.

Exposure to certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene and trichloroethylene, has been linked to an increased risk of multiple sclerosis.

Neurogenesis refers to the process of generating new neurons in the brain, which may be affected by air pollution exposure.

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), found in air pollution from sources such as traffic and industrial emissions, has been linked to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder.

Synaptic dysfunction refers to the disruption of communication between neurons, which can be caused by air pollution-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation.

Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), a complex mixture of pollutants from vehicles, has been linked to an increased risk of depression.

Blood-brain barrier dysfunction refers to the impairment of the protective barrier between the bloodstream and the brain, which can be caused by air pollution exposure.

Exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive decline in older adults.