The Panopticon is a type of surveillance system designed by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century. It is a circular building with a central watchtower, from which guards can observe all of the prisoners in their cells.

Foucault argues that the Panopticon is a form of social control that is too oppressive because it creates a situation in which the prisoners are constantly under surveillance. This surveillance leads to a feeling of isolation and powerlessness, which can have a negative impact on the prisoners' mental and physical health.

Foucault uses the term "disciplinary power" to refer to the power to control and regulate the behavior of individuals. This power is exercised through a variety of institutions, such as schools, prisons, and hospitals. Disciplinary power is often used to create and maintain social order, but it can also be used to oppress and control individuals.

The Panopticon embodies disciplinary power in a number of ways. First, it allows guards to constantly observe the prisoners, which creates a feeling of isolation and powerlessness among the prisoners. Second, the Panopticon encourages the prisoners to self-regulate their behavior, as they know that they are constantly being watched. Finally, the Panopticon can be used to punish and reward prisoners, which further reinforces the disciplinary power of the institution.

Foucault's critique of the Panopticon has a number of broader implications. First, it calls into question the legitimacy of all forms of social control, as it suggests that any form of control can be used to oppress and control individuals. Second, it suggests that surveillance is an inherent part of modern society, as it is used to maintain social order and control. Finally, Foucault's critique highlights the importance of individual freedom and autonomy, as it argues that individuals should have the right to control their own lives and make their own choices.