The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake's focus, where the seismic waves reach the surface.

Surface waves, particularly Love waves and Rayleigh waves, cause the most damage to buildings and infrastructure due to their long duration and ability to shake the ground violently.

The Richter scale is used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake, which is a logarithmic scale based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs.

Intensity is the term used to describe the shaking of the ground caused by an earthquake, which is measured using the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.

P-waves, also known as primary waves, are the fastest seismic waves and can travel through both solid and liquid parts of the Earth.

A fault is the boundary between two tectonic plates, where earthquakes often occur due to the movement of these plates.

S-waves, also known as secondary waves, can only travel through solid materials and are not transmitted through the Earth's liquid core.

The hypocenter is the point within the Earth's crust where the sudden release of energy occurs, causing an earthquake.

Surface waves, particularly Rayleigh waves, are responsible for the rolling motion felt during an earthquake.

Magnitude is the term used to describe the energy released by an earthquake, which is measured using the Richter scale or the moment magnitude scale.

P-waves, being the fastest seismic waves, are the first to arrive at a seismograph.

Seismology is the study of seismic waves and earthquakes, including their causes, effects, and the structure of the Earth's interior.

S-waves, due to their ability to cause shear deformation, are responsible for the most damage to underground structures.

The hypocenter is the point within the Earth's crust where an earthquake originates.

S-waves, also known as shear waves, are responsible for the side-to-side shaking felt during an earthquake.