Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is a term used to describe the knowledge and practices of Indigenous Peoples that are relevant to the conservation of biodiversity. TEK is based on the long-term observations and experiences of Indigenous Peoples and is often passed down from generation to generation through oral tradition.

Indigenous Peoples have historically contributed to the conservation of endangered species in a variety of ways, including through the establishment of protected areas, the development of sustainable hunting and fishing practices, and the use of traditional knowledge to manage ecosystems.

Indigenous communities face a number of challenges in protecting endangered species, including loss of traditional lands and resources, climate change, and government policies that are not supportive of Indigenous conservation efforts.

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) is a legally binding international agreement that recognizes the rights of Indigenous Peoples to their traditional lands, territories, and resources. UNDRIP requires governments to consult with Indigenous Peoples before making decisions that may affect their traditional lands, territories, and resources. UNDRIP also recognizes the importance of traditional knowledge in the conservation of biodiversity.

Indigenous knowledge can be used to inform endangered species conservation efforts in a variety of ways, including to identify and prioritize species that are at risk of extinction, to develop effective conservation strategies for endangered species, and to monitor the populations of endangered species.

There are a number of successful Indigenous-led conservation initiatives around the world, including the establishment of the Great Bear Rainforest in British Columbia, Canada, the creation of the Indigenous Guardians Program in Australia, and the development of the Maori-led conservation program in New Zealand.

Governments can support Indigenous-led conservation efforts in a variety of ways, including by providing financial and technical assistance to Indigenous communities, by recognizing and respecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples to their traditional lands, territories, and resources, and by working with Indigenous communities to develop co-management agreements for protected areas.

There are a number of benefits to involving Indigenous Peoples in endangered species conservation efforts, including the fact that Indigenous Peoples have a wealth of traditional knowledge that can be used to inform conservation efforts, Indigenous Peoples have a strong interest in protecting their traditional lands and resources, which are often home to endangered species, and Indigenous Peoples can help to build public support for conservation efforts.

There are a number of challenges to involving Indigenous Peoples in endangered species conservation efforts, including lack of awareness of the importance of Indigenous knowledge in conservation, government policies that are not supportive of Indigenous involvement in conservation, and lack of resources for Indigenous communities to participate in conservation efforts.

There are a number of ways to overcome the challenges to involving Indigenous Peoples in endangered species conservation efforts, including educating the public and policymakers about the importance of Indigenous knowledge in conservation, advocating for government policies that support Indigenous involvement in conservation, and providing financial and technical assistance to Indigenous communities to participate in conservation efforts.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) plays an important role in supporting Indigenous involvement in endangered species conservation. The IUCN has developed a number of guidelines and tools to help Indigenous communities participate in conservation efforts, provides financial and technical assistance to Indigenous communities to support their conservation efforts, and works with governments to advocate for policies that support Indigenous involvement in conservation.

There are a number of key principles for effective Indigenous involvement in endangered species conservation, including respect for Indigenous rights and sovereignty, recognition of the importance of traditional knowledge in conservation, and free, prior, and informed consent of Indigenous Peoples.

Indigenous Peoples can contribute to the development of effective conservation policies in a variety of ways, including by providing input on the design and implementation of conservation policies, by sharing their traditional knowledge and experiences with policymakers, and by advocating for policies that support Indigenous involvement in conservation.

Indigenous Peoples face a number of challenges in participating in the development of conservation policies, including lack of awareness of the importance of Indigenous involvement in conservation policymaking, government policies that are not supportive of Indigenous participation in policymaking, and lack of resources for Indigenous communities to participate in policymaking processes.