Hugh Capet was the first king of the Capetian dynasty in France, reigning from 987 to 996.

Richard I of England was known as 'the Lionheart' due to his bravery and military prowess during the Third Crusade.

Henry IV was the Holy Roman Emperor during the Investiture Controversy, a conflict between the papacy and the empire over the appointment of bishops.

Justinian I was known as 'the Great' due to his extensive reforms and conquests, which helped restore the Byzantine Empire to its former glory.

Harold II was the last king of the Anglo-Saxon dynasty in England, reigning from 1066 until his death at the Battle of Hastings.

Philip I of France led the First Crusade, which aimed to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control.

Henry II was the first king of the Plantagenet dynasty in England, reigning from 1154 to 1189.

Edward, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King Edward III of England, was known as 'the Black Prince' due to his black armor.

Frederick I Barbarossa was the Holy Roman Emperor during the Third Crusade, leading a large army to the Holy Land.

Edward I of England was known as 'the Hammer of the Scots' due to his successful campaigns against Scotland.

Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last Byzantine emperor, reigning from 1449 until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

Louis IX of France was known as 'the Saint' due to his piety and devotion to the Catholic Church.

Frederick I Barbarossa was the first king of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in Germany, reigning from 1155 to 1190.

Edward the Confessor was known as 'the Confessor' due to his piety and his reputation for healing the sick through touch.

Henry VI was the Holy Roman Emperor during the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders.