Seismic waves are generated by earthquakes and other seismic events. They travel through the Earth's interior and can be detected by seismometers. The analysis of seismic waves allows geophysicists to infer the structure and properties of the Earth's interior.

Love waves are a type of surface wave that travels along the Earth's surface. They are generated by earthquakes and other seismic events. P-waves and S-waves are body waves that travel through the Earth's interior.

The Mohorovičić discontinuity, also known as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle. It is characterized by a sharp increase in seismic wave velocity.

Earthquakes are primarily caused by the movement of tectonic plates. When tectonic plates collide, slide past each other, or pull apart, it can cause the release of energy in the form of seismic waves.

The Richter magnitude scale is used to measure the energy released by an earthquake. It is based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismometers.

The Mercalli intensity scale is used to measure the intensity of an earthquake. It is based on the observed effects of an earthquake on people, buildings, and the environment.

Volcanoes are primarily caused by the melting of rocks in the Earth's mantle. This melting can be caused by the movement of tectonic plates, the release of pressure from the Earth's interior, or the eruption of magma from the Earth's core.

Volcanoes erupt lava and ash, while geysers erupt water and steam. Volcanoes are located on land, while geysers can be located on land or in water. Volcanoes are formed by the movement of tectonic plates, while geysers are formed by the release of pressure from the Earth's interior. Volcanoes can be a hazard to human life, while geysers are a tourist attraction.

Magnetometers are used to study the Earth's magnetic field. They measure the strength and direction of the magnetic field at a given location.

The Earth's magnetic field is primarily caused by the presence of iron in the Earth's core. The movement of tectonic plates, the rotation of the Earth, and the interaction of the Earth's atmosphere with the solar wind can also affect the Earth's magnetic field.

Gravimeters are used to study the Earth's gravity field. They measure the strength of the gravitational field at a given location.

The Earth's gravity field is primarily caused by the mass of the Earth. The rotation of the Earth, the presence of iron in the Earth's core, and the interaction of the Earth's atmosphere with the solar wind can also affect the Earth's gravity field.

Heat flow meters are used to study the Earth's heat flow. They measure the amount of heat that flows through a given area of the Earth's surface.

The Earth's heat flow is primarily caused by the decay of radioactive elements in the Earth's interior. The movement of tectonic plates, the rotation of the Earth, and the interaction of the Earth's atmosphere with the solar wind can also affect the Earth's heat flow.

The primary application of geophysics to engineering is the design of earthquake-resistant structures. Geophysics can also be used to explore for mineral resources, develop geothermal energy resources, and construct tunnels and other underground structures.