Ancient Greece made significant contributions to music theory and practice, including the development of the seven-string lyre and the establishment of musical modes.

Ostinato is a musical term used in various cultures to describe a short melodic phrase or motif that is repeated throughout a piece, creating a sense of rhythmic and harmonic continuity.

The sitar is a stringed instrument with a long neck and a gourd-shaped body, known for its rich and resonant sound. It is widely used in classical Indian music and is considered a symbol of Indian musical heritage.

Call and response is a common vocal style in African music, where one person sings a phrase and the group responds with a similar or contrasting phrase, creating a dynamic and interactive musical experience.

Blues is a musical genre that originated in the African-American community in the 19th century. It is characterized by its strong rhythmic and vocal elements, often expressing themes of hardship, love, and resilience.

Gamelan is a traditional musical ensemble in Indonesian music, consisting of various gongs, metallophones, and drums. It is known for its intricate rhythmic patterns and harmonious melodies, and is an important part of Indonesian cultural heritage.

The zampoña is a traditional Andean musical instrument, consisting of a set of panpipes made from bamboo or cane. It is known for its haunting and melancholic sound, and is often used in traditional Andean music and festivals.

The pentatonic scale is a five-tone scale that forms the basis of many melodies in traditional Chinese music. It is characterized by its unique intervals and is often used to create a sense of balance and harmony.

The fiddle is a traditional stringed instrument that is central to Irish music. It is known for its lively and energetic sound, and is often used in traditional Irish jigs, reels, and other dance music.

Medicine songs are ceremonial songs or chants that are used in traditional Native American cultures for healing, spiritual guidance, or storytelling. They are often passed down through generations and are considered to have sacred or medicinal powers.

Calypso is a musical genre that originated in the Caribbean and is characterized by its vibrant rhythms, syncopated beats, and call-and-response vocals. It is often performed with traditional instruments such as the steelpan, drums, and maracas.

The piri is a long, cylindrical double-reed instrument that is used in traditional Korean music. It is commonly used in court music and shamanistic rituals, and is known for its piercing and expressive sound.

The guitar is a central instrument in traditional flamenco music. It is known for its passionate and expressive sound, and is often used to accompany flamenco singing and dancing.

Maqam is a melodic mode or scale that is used in traditional Middle Eastern music. It is characterized by its distinctive intervals and emotional expression, and is often used to create a sense of atmosphere and mood.

Samba is a musical genre that originated in Brazil and is characterized by its lively rhythms, syncopated beats, and call-and-response vocals. It is often performed with traditional instruments such as the tamborim, pandeiro, and cuíca.