Ecosystem services encompass the various benefits that humans obtain from natural ecosystems, such as clean air, water, food, and pollination.

Mineral extraction is a human activity that involves the removal of minerals from the Earth's crust, and it is not considered an ecosystem service as it does not directly benefit humans from the functioning of natural ecosystems.

Ecosystems contribute to climate regulation through various processes, including the absorption of carbon dioxide, the release of oxygen, and the regulation of the water cycle.

Oxygen production is a fundamental ecosystem service as it provides the oxygen necessary for respiration, which is essential for the survival of most terrestrial organisms.

Wetlands provide multiple ecosystem services, including filtering pollutants from water, providing habitat for diverse species, and regulating flooding.

Forests play a crucial role in regulating the water cycle by absorbing rainwater and releasing it slowly, reducing soil erosion, and providing habitat for aquatic organisms.

Coral reefs provide multiple ecosystem services, including protection of coastlines from erosion, support for diverse marine life, and regulation of ocean temperature.

Grasslands contribute to the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems primarily by promoting the decomposition of organic matter, which releases nutrients back into the soil.

Biodiversity plays a crucial role in the provision of ecosystem services by enhancing the resilience of ecosystems to disturbances, increasing the productivity of ecosystems, and promoting the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems.

Sustainable management of ecosystems involves reducing pollution and habitat destruction, promoting sustainable agriculture and forestry practices, and conserving and restoring natural habitats to ensure the continued provision of ecosystem services.