Nucleic acids, particularly DNA and RNA, serve as the primary carriers of genetic information in living organisms. They encode the instructions for protein synthesis and other cellular processes.

DNA is composed of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence of these nucleotides determines the genetic information carried by DNA.

The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is the primary genetic material in most organisms, while RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and other cellular processes.

DNA typically exists as a double helix, consisting of two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other in a spiral shape. This structure, discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick, is known as the DNA double helix.

In DNA, adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). This complementary base pairing rule is essential for DNA replication and transcription.

Replication is the process by which DNA makes an identical copy of itself. It occurs during cell division and ensures that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information.

Transcription is the process by which DNA is used to create RNA. During transcription, a DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA molecule by an enzyme called RNA polymerase.

Translation is the process by which RNA is used to create proteins. During translation, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA molecule is read by ribosomes, which assemble amino acids in the correct order to form a protein.

The genetic code is the set of rules that determines how the sequence of nucleotides in RNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

A mutation is a change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA. Mutations can be caused by various factors, such as errors during DNA replication, exposure to radiation, or chemical agents.

DNA polymerases are enzymes that add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during DNA replication. They ensure that the new DNA strand is complementary to the template strand.

RNA polymerases are enzymes that add nucleotides to the growing RNA strand during transcription. They use one of the DNA strands as a template to create a complementary RNA molecule.

Ribosomes are cellular structures that assemble amino acids in the correct order to form a protein. They read the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA molecule and use it to determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes proteins. This flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins is essential for the synthesis of proteins, which are the building blocks of cells and perform various functions in living organisms.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is not a type of RNA. RNA molecules are composed of ribose sugar, while DNA molecules are composed of deoxyribose sugar.