The fungi, Kloeckera africana and Kluyveromyces marxianus both are used in the making of chocolate. The bacteria Kocuria rhizophila is used in the making of cheese and the bacteria Gluconacetobacter oboediens is used in the making of vinegar.

A. Retinol- fat soluble. B. Niacin- water soluble. C. Tocoferol- fat soluble. D. Biotin- water soluble. E. Menaquinone- fat soluble. Hence, A, C and E are fat soluble vitamins.

Rutinose is a disaccharide and consists of a rhamnose monomer unit and a glucose monomer unit.

Osborne (1924) classified seed storage proteins into groups on the basis of their extraction and solubility in water (albumins), dilute saline (globulins), alcohol-water mixtures (prolamins), and dilute acid or alkali (glutelins). In Crucifereae or Bressicaceae family, the seed storage proteins are called napins. The examples of cruciferae family are- Berssica campestris, Degenia velebitica, Arabis aculeolata, etc. Zea mays belongs to the family Poaceae and contains zein as seed storage proteins.

Six amino acids are considered conditionally essential in the human diet, meaning their synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress. These six are 2-Amino-3-sulphydrylpropanoic acid, 2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, Aminoacetic acid, 2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid and L-2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid.

The deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) causes Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff-Syndrome. Lack of pantothenic acid causes Paresthesia diseases. The deficiency of biotin causes Dermatitis and Enteritis diseases. The deficiency of ascorbic acid causes Scurvy diseases. Hence, the correct match of codes is P - 3, Q - 5, R - 1, S - 4.

In humans, the important deficiency states due to the lack of retinoic acid in the diet are Xerosis Cornea, Bitot’s Spots and Follicullar Hyperkeratosis.

The microorganisms in the making of cheese are Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum, for sauerkraut the microorganisms are Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Streptococcus thermophillus, for Kefir making Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus thermophillus and the microorganisms in the making of yoghurt are Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Hence, the correct answer  is P - 1, Q - 3, R - 4, S - 2.

A. Nigerose is a disaccharide and consists of two glucose monomer units. B. Lyxose is a monosacharide. C. Laminaribiose two glucose monomer units. D. Sophorose is a disaccharide and consists of two glucose monomer units.

Hence, A, C and D are classified as disaccharides.

Dekkera bruxellensis is used in the manufacturing of beer by fermentation.

Prostacyclin or PGI2 is a prostaglandin member of the family of lipid molecules known as eicosanoids. It inhibits platelet activation and is also an effective vasodilator agent. Dopamine or 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine is a neurotransmitter in the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays a number of important roles in the brains and bodies of animals. Argipressin is also known as vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals. Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and to constrict blood vessels. Pyridoxal is one of the three natural forms of vitamin B6, along with pyridoxamine and pyridoxine (also called as pyridoxol). All of these forms are converted in the human body into a single biologically active form, pyridoxal 5-phosphate. Green plants are a natural source of pyridoxal, and its deficiency in the human body leads to serious complications, such as epilepsy and seizures. Hence, the correct sequence of the codes is A - 5, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2.

The indispensable amino acids are those amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the organism being considered and therefore must be supplied in its diet. The amino acids regarded as essential for humans are 2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, 2,6-Diammoniohexanoic acid, etc. Hence, C and D both are indispensable amino acids and others are conditionally amino acids.

This option is correct because trehalose is a disaccharide and consists of two glucose monomeric units. Hence, only statement 3 is true.

The lack of panthothenic acid in diet causes nausea, vomiting and tremor of the outstretched hands. Dermatitis of fingers and neck is caused by the deficiency of vitamin B₃ or niacin. Behavioural abnormalities occur in riboflavin deficient children. The deficiency of ascorbic acid or vitamin C causes scurvy, pain in bones and bleeding gums. Hence, statement R is not true.

Sugar is classified as a reducing sugar only if it has an open-chain form with an aldehyde group or a free hemiacetal group. Reducing monosaccharides include glucose, glyceraldehyde and galactose. Many disaccharides, like lactose and maltose, also have a reducing form, as one of the two units may have an open-chain form with an aldehyde group. However, sucrose is a disaccharide in which the anomeric carbons of the two units are linked together, are non-reducing disaccharides, since neither of the rings is capable of opening. Ascorbic acid is a very good antioxidant agent. Chlorophyll is present in all green plants and algae and is responsible for the photosynthesis. It is a chlorin pigment, which is structurally similar to and produced through the same metabolic pathway as other porphyrin pigments, such as heme. At the centre of the chlorine ring is a magnesium ion.