William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, is considered the father of modern geophysics for his contributions to the study of the Earth's interior and its physical properties.

A magnetometer is an instrument used to measure the Earth's magnetic field.

Meteorology is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its phenomena, while seismology, oceanography, and geomagnetism are all branches of geophysics.

Plate tectonics is the theory that explains the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates.

Alfred Wegener was the first person to propose the theory of continental drift.

A fault is the boundary between two tectonic plates.

L-waves are not a type of seismic wave.

A gravimeter is an instrument used to measure the Earth's gravitational field.

Plasma is not a type of rock.

Igneous rocks are formed from molten magma.

Water is not a type of mineral.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.

Clouds are not a type of fossil.

Metamorphic rocks are formed by heat and pressure.

Sound is not a type of energy.