The primary role of federal courts in judicial review is to determine whether laws and government actions comply with the U.S. Constitution. This power is known as the power of judicial review and is a fundamental principle of the American system of government.

The landmark case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States is Marbury v. Madison (1803). In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to declare laws unconstitutional and refuse to enforce them.

The process by which federal courts review the constitutionality of laws and government actions is called judicial review.

The two main types of judicial review are facial challenges and as-applied challenges. A facial challenge argues that a law is unconstitutional on its face, while an as-applied challenge argues that a law is unconstitutional as applied to a particular individual or situation.

The standard of review that federal courts typically use when reviewing the constitutionality of laws is rational basis review. Under this standard, a law will be upheld if it is rationally related to a legitimate government interest.

The doctrine of stare decisis is the doctrine of precedent, which requires courts to follow the decisions of higher courts. This doctrine helps to ensure consistency and predictability in the law and applies to judicial review in that courts are generally reluctant to overturn prior decisions, especially those of the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States and has the final say on the constitutionality of laws and government actions. Its decisions are binding on all lower federal courts and state courts.

There are several limitations on the power of judicial review, including the political question doctrine, the standing doctrine, and the ripeness doctrine. The political question doctrine prevents courts from reviewing certain issues that are considered to be non-justiciable, the standing doctrine requires plaintiffs to have a sufficient stake in the outcome of a case in order to bring a lawsuit, and the ripeness doctrine requires that a case be sufficiently developed before it can be brought to court.

Federal courts can enforce their decisions in judicial review cases by issuing injunctions, declaring laws unconstitutional, and ordering government officials to take or refrain from taking certain actions.

Judicial review has been criticized for giving too much power to unelected judges, undermining the separation of powers, and allowing courts to overturn the will of the people.

Judicial review is considered an important part of the American system of government because it ensures that laws and government actions comply with the Constitution, protects the rights of individuals and minorities, and promotes accountability and transparency in government.

The key issues in the debate about the role of judicial review in American democracy include the scope of judicial power, the role of precedent, and the legitimacy of judicial review.

Expanding the scope of judicial review could lead to increased judicial activism, diminished legislative power, and greater public distrust in the judiciary.

Arguments in favor of limiting the role of precedent in judicial review include the potential for outdated and unjust decisions, the prevention of courts from adapting to changing circumstances, and the concentration of too much power in the hands of unelected judges.

The Supreme Court faces several challenges in its role as the final arbiter of constitutional law, including the increasing complexity of legal issues, the need to balance competing interests, and the political pressures on the Court.