Deontological theories, such as Kantianism, prioritize the importance of following moral rules and duties, regardless of the consequences.

Virtue ethics focuses on cultivating virtues, such as honesty and integrity, rather than solely considering the consequences of actions.

Consequentialist theories, such as utilitarianism, evaluate the morality of actions based on their consequences. In some cases, lying may be justified to prevent harm to others.

Self-deception is the act of intentionally misleading oneself about one's own beliefs, desires, or actions.

Immanuel Kant, a deontological philosopher, believed that lying is always morally wrong because it violates the categorical imperative, which requires us to act in a way that we can universalize as a law for all rational beings.

Deception bias is the tendency to overestimate the frequency of deception by others, leading to a distorted perception of the prevalence of lying.

The theory of 'noble lies' suggests that lying may be justified to maintain social order, harmony, and stability.

The proximity effect refers to the tendency for individuals to be more truthful and honest when they are in close physical proximity to others.

Arousal theory proposes that heightened arousal, such as anxiety or stress, can lead individuals to engage in deceptive behaviors in an attempt to reduce their emotional discomfort.

The illusion of superiority effect refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate their abilities, including their ability to detect lies.

Research suggests that males are generally more likely to engage in deceptive behaviors compared to females, although the extent of this difference can vary depending on cultural and contextual factors.

The online disinhibition effect refers to the tendency for individuals to engage in more risky or uninhibited behaviors when communicating online, including lying.

Groupthink refers to the phenomenon where individuals suppress their personal opinions and conform to the beliefs and behaviors of the majority within a group, often leading to irrational or unethical decision-making.

The stranger effect refers to the tendency for individuals to be more likely to lie to someone they do not know well, as they may feel less accountable for their actions.

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that prioritizes the maximization of overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people.