Aristotle, known as the father of logic, made significant contributions to the development of formal logic and deductive reasoning, which laid the foundation for much of Western philosophical thought.

The Completeness Theorem, often attributed to Kurt Gödel, asserts that for any set of axioms in first-order logic, if the axioms are consistent, then there exists a model in which all the axioms hold true.

Transfinite numbers, introduced by Georg Cantor, are mathematical entities that extend the concept of finite numbers and allow for the study of infinite sets and their properties.

The Goldbach Conjecture, proposed by Christian Goldbach, asserts that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers.

Differential equations are mathematical equations that involve derivatives and are used to model and analyze the behavior of systems that change over time, such as physical systems, biological systems, and economic systems.

The Extreme Value Theorem, also known as the Maximum-Minimum Theorem, asserts that for any continuous function on a closed interval, there exists at least one point where the function attains its greatest and least values.

Abstract algebra, also known as modern algebra, is a branch of mathematics that studies algebraic structures such as groups, rings, fields, and vector spaces, focusing on their properties and relationships.

The Baire Category Theorem states that in any complete metric space, the intersection of countably many open dense sets is dense.

Calculus, consisting of differential calculus and integral calculus, is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of change, rates of change, and accumulation.

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, consisting of two parts, establishes a connection between differentiation and integration, providing a powerful tool for evaluating integrals.

Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of shapes, sizes, positions, and properties of geometric objects such as points, lines, angles, triangles, circles, and spheres.

The Triangle Sum Theorem, also known as the Angle Sum Property, states that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always 180 degrees.

Probability theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of random phenomena, providing a mathematical framework for analyzing the likelihood of events and making predictions.

The Expected Value Theorem, also known as the Mean Value Theorem for Random Variables, states that the expected value of a random variable is equal to the sum of the products of each possible outcome and its probability.

Topology is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of topological spaces, which are sets equipped with a notion of nearness or adjacency, and continuous functions between them.