Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism, with the primary goal of generating energy to sustain life processes.

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH.

The Krebs Cycle, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that oxidize pyruvate, derived from glycolysis, to produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain, receiving electrons from NADH and FADH2 to form water.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of cells, providing energy for various cellular processes through the breakdown of its high-energy phosphate bonds.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and certain microorganisms use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis.

The Calvin Cycle, also known as the Dark Reactions, is the stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is fixed into organic compounds using energy from ATP and NADPH.

ATP and NADPH provide energy and reducing power, respectively, for the fixation of carbon dioxide and the reduction of intermediates in the Calvin Cycle.

Beta-Oxidation is the metabolic pathway that breaks down fatty acids into smaller molecules, such as acetyl-CoA, which can then enter the Krebs Cycle for further energy production.

Amino acids are primarily used for protein synthesis, which is essential for building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes, and regulating various cellular processes.

Proteolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down proteins into individual amino acids, which can then be used for various cellular processes, including protein synthesis and energy production.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions in metabolism by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur.

Glycolysis is the first stage of carbohydrate metabolism, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH.

Vitamins and minerals act as cofactors for enzymes, assisting in their catalytic activity and facilitating various metabolic reactions.