A distillation column is used to separate liquids with different boiling points by applying heat and allowing the more volatile components to vaporize and condense, resulting in the separation of the desired products.

Plug flow reactors are commonly used for continuous gas-phase reactions as they provide a uniform residence time for the reactants, ensuring consistent reaction conditions and product quality.

Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat from one fluid to another, enabling the control of temperature in various process streams and facilitating efficient energy utilization.

Rotameters are commonly used to measure the flow rate of a liquid in a pipe by utilizing the principle of variable area flow measurement, where the float position indicates the flow rate.

Control valves are primarily used to regulate the flow rate of a fluid stream by adjusting the flow area, enabling precise control over the process conditions and product quality.

Diaphragm pumps are suitable for handling corrosive or abrasive fluids as they utilize a flexible diaphragm to separate the pumped fluid from the mechanical components, preventing contamination and ensuring reliable operation.

Safety relief valves are designed to protect equipment and personnel by automatically releasing excess pressure from a system when it exceeds a predetermined limit, preventing catastrophic failures.

Thermometers are commonly used to measure the temperature of a process stream by utilizing various principles such as liquid expansion, electrical resistance, or infrared radiation.

Packed columns are used to increase the contact surface area between two phases, typically a liquid and a gas, to facilitate mass transfer operations such as absorption, stripping, and distillation.

Batch reactors are commonly used for batch reactions, where the reactants are charged into the reactor and allowed to react for a specific period of time before being discharged.

Condensers are used to convert a gas into a liquid by removing heat from the gas stream, causing it to condense and form a liquid phase.

Screw pumps are suitable for handling high-viscosity fluids as they utilize a rotating screw to move the fluid, providing a positive displacement and efficient pumping action.

Reboilers are used to provide heat to the bottom of a distillation column, vaporizing the liquid mixture and generating the vapor stream that rises up the column for separation.

Fluidized bed reactors are commonly used for heterogeneous catalytic reactions, where the catalyst is in the form of small particles suspended in a fluidized bed, providing excellent contact between the reactants and the catalyst.