In a closed adoption, the birth parents' identities are kept confidential from the adoptive parents and child, and there is no contact between the parties.

Open adoption aims to facilitate ongoing contact and communication between the birth parents and the child, allowing them to maintain a connection despite the adoption.

Step-parent adoption is a legal process that allows a stepparent to adopt their stepchild, creating a legal parent-child relationship between them.

In most jurisdictions, a stepparent adoption requires the consent of the birth parents, the consent of the child (if they are of sufficient age and maturity), and the approval of the court.

Kinship adoption is a legal process that allows a relative to adopt a child, providing a stable and loving home for the child within their extended family.

Kinship adoption offers several benefits, including maintaining the child's connection to their biological family, reducing the likelihood of foster care placement, and providing a stable and loving home for the child.

International adoption is the legal process of adopting a child from another country, typically involving a complex set of legal and ethical considerations.

The Hague Convention is an international treaty that sets out standards and procedures for intercountry adoption, aiming to protect the rights and well-being of children involved in the process.

Special needs adoption is the legal process of adopting a child who has special needs, requiring additional support and services to ensure their well-being.

The primary challenge in special needs adoption is the lack of available adoptive families willing to provide the necessary care and support for children with special needs.

Foster care adoption is the legal process of adopting a child who has been placed in foster care, providing them with a permanent and stable home.

The primary goal of foster care adoption is to provide a permanent and stable home for children who have been in foster care, ensuring their well-being and development.

LGBT adoption is the legal process of adopting a child by a same-sex couple, providing a loving and supportive home for the child.

Same-sex couples seeking to adopt may face legal challenges such as discrimination based on sexual orientation, lack of legal recognition of same-sex marriage in some jurisdictions, and restrictions on adoption by same-sex couples in certain countries.

Single-parent adoption is the legal process of adopting a child by a single person, providing a loving and supportive home for the child.

Single parents seeking to adopt may face challenges such as financial difficulties, social stigma, and discrimination in the adoption process, making it more difficult for them to provide a stable and loving home for a child.