Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that is believed to be responsible for the observed acceleration in the expansion of the universe.

Dark matter is a mysterious substance that is believed to make up around 27% of the universe's mass but has not yet been directly observed.

Black holes are regions of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.

The cosmic web is a vast network of galaxies and galaxy clusters that spans the universe, forming a complex structure of interconnected filaments and voids.

Gamma-ray bursts are the most energetic explosions in the universe, caused by the collision of neutron stars or the collapse of massive stars.

The Big Bang is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe's origin, suggesting that it began as a singularity and has been expanding ever since.

Quasars are extremely luminous active galactic nuclei, powered by the accretion of matter onto a supermassive black hole.

W and Z bosons are the carriers of the weak nuclear force, which is responsible for radioactive decay and certain subatomic interactions.

Supernovas are powerful explosions that occur when massive stars reach the end of their lives, releasing a vast amount of energy and material into space.

Quarks are the fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons, which are the building blocks of atomic nuclei.

Neutron stars are formed when massive stars collapse at the end of their lives, resulting in a dense core of degenerate neutrons.

Gluons are the carriers of the strong nuclear force, which is responsible for binding protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.

Black holes are formed when massive stars collapse under their own gravity, creating a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.

Photons are the carriers of the electromagnetic force, which is responsible for interactions between charged particles and electromagnetic radiation.

White dwarfs are formed when low- to medium-mass stars exhaust their nuclear fuel and collapse under their own gravity, resulting in a dense core of degenerate electrons.