Scholasticism was a philosophical movement that sought to use reason to understand and explain the world. It was based on the works of Aristotle and other ancient philosophers, and it sought to use their ideas to create a comprehensive understanding of the natural world and human society.

Aristotle was the most influential philosopher on Scholasticism. His works on logic, metaphysics, and ethics were widely studied and debated by Scholastic scholars. Aristotle's ideas helped to shape the Scholastic understanding of the world and human society.

Scholasticism was the official philosophy of the Catholic Church from the 13th to the 17th centuries. The Church saw Scholasticism as a way to defend its doctrines and to promote its authority. Scholastic scholars were often employed by the Church to teach at universities and to write theological treatises.

Scholasticism justified the authority of the state by arguing that the state was ordained by God. Scholastic scholars argued that the state had a duty to protect its citizens and to promote the common good. They also argued that citizens had a duty to obey the state, even if they disagreed with its policies.

Thomas Aquinas was the most influential Scholastic philosopher in developing the idea of natural law. He argued that natural law is a set of universal moral principles that are known to all human beings through reason. Natural law, Aquinas argued, is binding on all people, regardless of their religious beliefs or political affiliations.

Scholasticism hindered the development of science by emphasizing the authority of Aristotle and other ancient philosophers. Scholastic scholars were often reluctant to challenge the ideas of these authorities, even when new evidence suggested that they were wrong. This led to a stagnation of scientific thought and made it difficult for new ideas to be accepted.

William of Ockham was the most critical of the authority of Aristotle. He argued that Aristotle's ideas were not always true and that they should not be accepted without question. Ockham also argued that faith and reason are separate and that reason cannot be used to prove the existence of God.

Scholasticism hindered the development of democracy by emphasizing the authority of the state. Scholastic scholars argued that the state had a duty to protect its citizens and to promote the common good. They also argued that citizens had a duty to obey the state, even if they disagreed with its policies. This emphasis on the authority of the state made it difficult for democratic institutions to develop.

Marsilius of Padua was the most influential Scholastic philosopher in developing the idea of popular sovereignty. He argued that the state is a creation of the people and that the people have the right to choose their own government. Marsilius also argued that the state should be limited in its powers and that it should not interfere in the lives of its citizens.

Scholasticism hindered the development of capitalism by emphasizing the importance of the common good. Scholastic scholars argued that the state had a duty to protect its citizens and to promote the common good. They also argued that individuals should not be allowed to accumulate wealth at the expense of the common good. This emphasis on the common good made it difficult for capitalism to develop.

Francisco de Vitoria was the most influential Scholastic philosopher in developing the idea of individual rights. He argued that all human beings have certain fundamental rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property. Vitoria also argued that these rights are inherent and that they cannot be taken away by the state.

Scholasticism led to the development of new theories of international law by emphasizing the importance of justice and the common good. Scholastic scholars argued that states have a duty to cooperate with each other and to promote peace and justice in the world. They also argued that states should be held accountable for their actions and that they should be punished for violating international law.

Francisco de Vitoria was the most influential Scholastic philosopher in developing the idea of a just war. He argued that war is only justified if it is fought for a just cause, if it is fought with the right intention, and if it is fought in a just manner. Vitoria also argued that war should be a last resort and that it should be avoided whenever possible.

Scholasticism led to the development of new educational institutions by emphasizing the importance of education. Scholastic scholars argued that education is essential for the development of the human person and that it should be available to all people. They also argued that education should be based on the study of the liberal arts and that it should prepare students for a life of public service.

Roger Bacon was the most influential Scholastic philosopher in developing the idea of the university. He argued that the university should be a place where students can learn about the natural world and about the human condition. Bacon also argued that the university should be a place where students can develop their critical thinking skills and their ability to solve problems.