Phong shading is a popular shading model that approximates the appearance of curved surfaces by interpolating normal vectors and calculating the diffuse and specular components of light reflection.

Normal maps are used to add surface detail by encoding the direction of the surface normal at each pixel, allowing for more realistic lighting effects.

Cook-Torrance shading is a physically based lighting model that considers the microfacet distribution of a surface to accurately simulate the reflection of light.

Diffuse reflection scatters light in all directions, while specular reflection scatters light in a single direction. Diffuse reflection depends on surface roughness, while specular reflection depends on surface smoothness.

Blinn-Phong shading uses a modified specular term that produces softer, more realistic highlights compared to Phong shading.

The ambient light component provides a constant level of illumination to the scene, ensuring that objects are never completely dark.

Gouraud shading interpolates vertex colors to calculate the color of a fragment, resulting in smooth shading across polygons.

Shadow maps are used to generate soft shadows by storing the depth of objects in a scene and using this information to determine which objects are in shadow.

Cook-Torrance shading is capable of simulating complex materials like metals and plastics by accurately modeling the reflection of light from microfacets on the surface.

Phong shading uses a modified specular term that takes into account the angle between the surface normal and the light direction, while Blinn-Phong shading uses a modified diffuse term.

Volume rendering is a lighting technique that simulates the interaction of light with participating media, such as smoke, clouds, or fog, to create realistic effects.

Light maps are used to store precomputed lighting information, such as the intensity and direction of light at each point on a surface, to improve rendering performance.

Lambert shading calculates the color of a fragment based on the angle between the normal vector and the light direction, resulting in a flat, matte appearance.

Cook-Torrance shading is more computationally expensive than Phong shading due to its more complex calculations, which take into account the microfacet distribution of the surface.

Radiosity is a lighting model that simulates indirect illumination by calculating the transfer of light between surfaces in a scene, resulting in more realistic lighting effects.