Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth's lithosphere is divided into several tectonic plates that move over the Earth's mantle.

Earthquakes occur in the crust, which is the outermost layer of the Earth.

A volcanic eruption is the process by which magma rises to the Earth's surface and erupts.

Surface waves, particularly Rayleigh waves, cause the most damage to buildings and infrastructure during an earthquake.

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles that continuously flows from the Sun's corona and interacts with the Earth's magnetosphere.

Geomagnetic storms, caused by coronal mass ejections from the Sun, can disrupt radio communications and cause power outages.

The thermosphere is the region of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly affected by space weather.

P-waves are a type of seismic wave that travels through the Earth's interior and is used to study the Earth's structure.

Magma intrusion is the process by which magma cools and solidifies beneath the Earth's surface.

Surface waves travel along the Earth's surface and cause the ground to shake.

Seafloor spreading is the process by which tectonic plates move away from each other.

Coronal mass ejections can cause auroras and disrupt satellite communications.

The troposphere is the region of the Earth's atmosphere that is closest to the Earth's surface.

S-waves are a type of seismic wave that travels through the Earth's interior and is used to study the Earth's core.

Subduction is the process by which tectonic plates move towards each other.