Plato believed that music, along with mathematics and philosophy, is a form of knowledge that transcends the limitations of reason and logic. He argued that music can directly access the realm of the Forms, which are the eternal and unchanging essences of all things.

Aristotle believed that the primary function of music is to imitate nature. He argued that music can imitate the rhythms and patterns of the natural world, as well as the emotions and experiences of human beings.

The Doctrine of Affections is a theory of music that originated in the 17th century. It holds that music can directly affect the emotions of the listener, regardless of the listener's prior emotional state or the explicit content of the music.

Kant argued that music is a form of pure reason that is independent of the senses. He believed that music can directly access the realm of the noumena, which are the things-in-themselves that exist beyond the phenomenal world of appearances.

Hegel believed that music and philosophy are two different ways of expressing the same truths. He argued that music can express the same ideas as philosophy, but in a more direct and immediate way.

Schopenhauer believed that music is a direct expression of the Will, which is the fundamental force that drives all of reality. He argued that music can bypass the intellect and directly access the Will, allowing us to experience the world in a more immediate and profound way.

Nietzsche believed that music is a form of self-expression that allows us to communicate our deepest thoughts and feelings. He argued that music can help us to understand ourselves and our place in the world.

The New Musicology is a school of thought that emerged in the late 20th century. It holds that music is a social and cultural phenomenon that is shaped by the historical, social, and cultural context in which it is created and performed.

Gadamer argued that music is a form of play that allows us to explore the world and our place in it. He believed that music can help us to understand ourselves and our relationship to others.

Heidegger believed that music is a way of revealing being. He argued that music can help us to understand the fundamental structures of reality and our place within it.

Wittgenstein argued that music is a form of language that can express thoughts and feelings that cannot be expressed in words. He believed that music can communicate directly with the human heart and mind.

Derrida argued that music and writing are two different forms of expression that cannot be reduced to each other. He believed that music is a more direct and immediate form of expression than writing, while writing is more conceptual and reflective.

Adorno argued that music can be a form of resistance against the dominant social and political order. He believed that music can express the hopes and dreams of the oppressed and can help to create a more just and equitable society.

Benjamin believed that technology is a neutral tool that can be used for good or for evil. He argued that technology can be used to create new and innovative forms of music, but it can also be used to suppress and control music.

Marcuse believed that music can be a form of liberation that can help to free people from the constraints of the dominant social and political order. He argued that music can inspire people to think critically about their situation and to take action to change the world.