PCA is a dimensionality reduction technique that identifies the principal components of a dataset, allowing for efficient feature extraction and representation.

A confusion matrix provides a summary of the performance of a classification model, showing the number of correct and incorrect predictions for each class.

CNNs are specifically designed for image recognition tasks, utilizing convolutional layers to extract features and identify patterns in images.

Object detection aims to find the location and boundaries of specific objects within an image.

YOLO is a real-time object detection algorithm that performs object detection in a single forward pass through a neural network.

Image segmentation aims to partition an image into multiple segments, each representing a distinct object or region of interest.

Clustering algorithms, such as k-means clustering, can be used to segment images by grouping similar pixels together.

Transfer learning involves transferring knowledge from a pre-trained model to a new model, allowing the new model to learn faster and achieve better performance.

ImageNet is a large-scale image database widely used for image recognition research, containing millions of labeled images across thousands of categories.

Data augmentation techniques, such as cropping, flipping, and rotating images, are used to artificially increase the size of a dataset and improve model performance.

The F1 score is a weighted average of precision and recall, providing a balanced measure of model performance.

Illumination invariance refers to the ability of an image recognition model to perform well under different lighting conditions, which can be a challenging aspect of image recognition.

Dropout is a regularization technique that randomly drops out neurons during training, helping to prevent overfitting and improve model generalization.

Using a pre-trained model can reduce training time, improve accuracy, and reduce computational costs, making it a valuable technique in image recognition.

Encoder-decoder models are commonly used for image captioning, where an encoder converts the image into a fixed-length representation, and a decoder generates a caption based on this representation.