The Atlantic Slave Trade, which spanned from the 15th to the 19th century, is widely seen as the catalyst for modern racism, as it institutionalized the dehumanization and exploitation of African people.

Racism is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that manifests itself through economic, political, and cultural mechanisms, reinforcing and perpetuating social inequalities.

Racial discrimination encompasses a wide range of practices that intentionally or unintentionally limit the opportunities and resources available to specific racial groups.

Racialization refers to the social process of constructing racial categories and assigning different values and meanings to them, often leading to the marginalization and oppression of certain groups.

Marxist theory argues that racism is a tool used by the ruling class to divide the working class and maintain control over economic resources.

Racial stereotyping involves attributing fixed and often negative characteristics to an entire racial group, leading to prejudice and discrimination.

The Civil Rights Movement was a pivotal social movement that fought against racial segregation and discrimination, leading to landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Racial segregation involves the physical separation of different racial groups, often through policies and practices such as redlining and gerrymandering.

Anti-racism is an active stance against racism, involving the recognition and challenge of racist attitudes, behaviors, and systems.

Racial profiling involves the discriminatory practice of targeting individuals for suspicion or investigation based solely on their race or ethnicity.

Social constructionist theory posits that racism is a social construct created and maintained through cultural beliefs, norms, and practices.

Racial stereotyping can also involve attributing positive characteristics to a particular racial group, often leading to essentialization and oversimplification.

The Black Power Movement was a social and political movement that advocated for black self-determination, cultural pride, and economic empowerment.

Racial discrimination involves the intentional or unintentional denial of equal opportunities and resources to individuals based on their race or ethnicity.