To regulate emissions of toxic air pollutants from industrial sources.

To improve air quality in urban areas.

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

To protect human health and the environment from harmful air pollutants.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

World Health Organization (WHO)

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM)

Carcinogens and non-carcinogens

Primary HAPs and secondary HAPs

Criteria pollutants and hazardous air pollutants

By conducting risk assessments and setting limits based on health effects.

By using air quality monitoring data to determine safe levels of HAPs.

By consulting with industry representatives to set achievable standards.

By adopting international standards for HAPs.

Technology-based standards and risk-based standards

Emission caps and trading programs

Command-and-control regulations and market-based incentives

Source-specific standards and ambient air quality standards

A technology-based standard that requires sources to use the most effective available technology to reduce HAPs emissions.

A risk-based standard that sets limits on the amount of HAPs that can be emitted from a source.

A standard that applies to new sources only.

A standard that applies to existing sources only.

A technology-based standard that requires sources to use specific technologies to reduce HAPs emissions.

A risk-based standard that sets limits on the amount of HAPs that can be emitted from a source.

A standard that applies to new sources only.

A standard that applies to existing sources only.

To regulate HAPs emissions from new and existing sources.

To set limits on the amount of HAPs that can be emitted from a source.

To require sources to use specific technologies to reduce HAPs emissions.

To establish a risk-based standard for HAPs emissions.

Technology-based standards and risk-based standards

Source-specific standards and ambient air quality standards

New source performance standards and maximum achievable control technology standards

National emission standards and state implementation plans

To reduce HAPs emissions from mobile sources.

To set limits on the amount of HAPs that can be emitted from a source.

To require sources to use specific technologies to reduce HAPs emissions.

To identify and address HAPs that pose the greatest risk to public health in urban areas.

To develop and implement state implementation plans (SIPs) to meet the standards.

To enforce the standards through inspections and permitting.

To monitor air quality and report violations to the EPA.

All of the above.

The large number and variety of HAPs that need to be regulated.

The difficulty in measuring and monitoring HAPs emissions.

The cost of compliance for sources.

All of the above.

Reduced exposure to HAPs and improved public health.

Reduced environmental impacts from HAPs.

Economic benefits from reduced healthcare costs and increased productivity.

All of the above.

Developing new and more effective technologies to reduce HAPs emissions.

Improving air quality monitoring and data collection.

Conducting research on the health effects of HAPs.

All of the above.

By submitting comments on proposed standards and regulations.

By attending public hearings and meetings.

By contacting their elected representatives.

All of the above.