Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, was a renowned medieval monarch known for his military prowess and leadership during the Third Crusade.

Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last Byzantine emperor, reigning from 1449 until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.

King John of England signed the Magna Carta in 1215, a charter that established important legal and constitutional principles, limiting the powers of the monarchy and protecting the rights of individuals.

Charlemagne was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD, establishing the Carolingian Empire, which played a significant role in shaping medieval Europe.

Rene I of Anjou, also known as the 'Good King Rene', was a medieval monarch who ruled over various territories, including Anjou, Bar, and Lorraine, and was known for his patronage of the arts and literature.

Genghis Khan was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history, spanning from Eastern Europe to East Asia.

Edward III of England is associated with the Hundred Years' War, a series of conflicts between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453, over territorial claims and the French throne.

Urraca of Castile was the first female ruler of the Kingdom of Castile, reigning from 1109 to 1126, and was known for her political skills and military prowess.

William the Conqueror, also known as William I, ordered the construction of the Tower of London in the 11th century, which initially served as a royal residence and later became a prison and a treasury.

Marwan II was the last ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate, reigning from 744 to 750 AD, before the Abbasid Revolution led to the overthrow of the Umayyads.

Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, is associated with the Crusades, particularly the Third Crusade, where he led the English forces against Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria.

Afonso Henriques was the first king of the Kingdom of Portugal, reigning from 1139 to 1185, and is known for his military victories and the establishment of Portugal as an independent nation.

Muhammad V of Granada is associated with the construction of the Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain, a magnificent architectural masterpiece of Islamic art and architecture.

Peter the Great was the first emperor of the Russian Empire, reigning from 1721 to 1725, and is known for his reforms and modernization efforts that transformed Russia into a major European power.

William the Conqueror, also known as William I, is associated with the Battle of Hastings in 1066, where he defeated Harold Godwinson, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, leading to the Norman conquest of England.