Theodicy is the branch of philosophy that seeks to reconcile the existence of evil with the existence of a benevolent and omnipotent God.

Augustine of Hippo argued that evil is a necessary consequence of the existence of free will, as without free will, humans would be unable to choose between good and evil.

The Greater Good Defense argues that God allows evil to exist in order to bring about a greater good, such as the development of human character or the prevention of a greater evil.

Plotinus argued that evil is a privation, or absence, of good, and that it is ultimately unreal.

The Skeptical Argument from Evil argues that the existence of evil does not necessarily disprove the existence of God, but it does make it difficult to believe in a benevolent and omnipotent God.

G.W. Leibniz argued that evil is a necessary part of the universe and that it is impossible to conceive of a world without evil.

The Logical Problem of Evil argues that the existence of evil is logically incompatible with the existence of a benevolent and omnipotent God.

Augustine of Hippo argued that evil is a result of the misuse of free will by humans.

The Soul-Making Theodicy argues that God allows evil to exist in order to test the faith of believers and to help them develop their souls.

Aristotle argued that evil is a necessary part of the universe in order for there to be any good.

The Evidential Problem of Evil argues that the existence of evil provides evidence against the existence of a benevolent and omnipotent God.

John Hick argued that evil is a result of the limitations of human understanding and that we cannot fully comprehend the reasons why God allows evil to exist.

The Hiddenness Argument argues that God's existence is hidden from us in order to test our faith and to allow us to exercise our free will.

Plotinus proposed the idea that evil is a result of the conflict between good and evil forces in the universe.

The Free Will Defense argues that God's existence is compatible with the existence of evil because evil is a necessary consequence of the existence of free will.